Class 8 History Social Science Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947

Class 8 History Social Science Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947

Question.1.Choose the correct option.
(i) The book Poverty and Un-British Rule
in India is authored by
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Sarojini Naidu
(ii) The Marathi newspaper was edited by
(a) Balgangadhar Tilak
(b) Bepin Chandra Pal
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
(iii) The slogan ‘Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it’ was raised by
(a) Bepin Chandra Pal
(b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Balgangadhar Tilak
(iv) The Indian who renounced his knighthood after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(a) Subhas Chandra Bose
(b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Abanindranath Tagore
(d) Bhagat Singh
(v) The first Indian woman to become President of the Indian National Congress was
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Kamla Nehru
(c) Begum Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain
(d) Kasturba Gandhi
(vi) Free India’s first Indian Governor- General was
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Motilal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari
(d) Sardar Ballabbhai Patel
Answer. (i) (b), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (b), (v) (a), (vi) (c).

Question.2.Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.
(i) The Indian National Congress was established when ……………. delegates from all over the country met at ……………… in December 1885.
(ii) The Moderate leaders did not believe in ………….. actions.
(iii) The All India Muslim League was formed by a group of Muslim …………. and …………….
(iv) The Rowlatt Act curbed ………… rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened …………… powers.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi abruptly called off the ……………… Movement when it took violent turn.
(vi) The Congress resolved to fight for Puma Swaraj in 1929 under the presidentship of ……………….
(vii) The Quit India Movement started in August …………..
Answer. (i) 72, Bombay
(ii) extreme
(iii) landlords, nawabs
(iv) fundamental, police
(v) Non-Cooperation
(vi) Jawaharlal Nehru
(vii) 1942.

Question.3.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.
(i) Subhas Chandra Bose was a moderate nationalist.
(ii) The Simon Commission had two Indian representatives.
(iii) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred in Amritsar on Baishakhi day.
(iv) The Swadeshi Movement started after the partition of Bengal.
(v) MaulanaAzad became the major spokes-person for the demand for Pakistan.
(vi) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan, founded the Khudai Khidmatgars.
Answer. (i) False, (ii) False, (iii) True, (iv) True, (v) False, (vi) True.

Question.4.Match the items given in Column A correctly with those given in Column B.

Answer. (i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (d), (iv) (e), (v) (a).

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. 1. What is the literal meaning of sarvajanik?
Answer. The literal meaning of sarvajanik is ‘of or for all the people’. It is made
of two words – sarva = all + janik = of the people.

Question.2. Who was A.O. Hume? What role did he play in the history of India?
Answer. A.O. Hume was a retired British official. He played an important role in bringing Indians from the various regions together.

Question.3. Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of the partition of Bengal
Answer. At that time Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India.

Question.4. What was the Swadeshi Movement known as in deltaic Andhra?
Answer. In deltaic Andhra the Swadeshi Movement was known as the Vandemataram Movement.

Question.5. Name the three leading members of the Radical group.
Answer. Bepin Chandra Pal, Balgangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai.

Question.6. Why did Mahatma Gandhi along with other Indians establish the Natal Congress in South Africa?
Answer. He did so in order to fight against racial discrimination in South Africa.

Question.7. Name three places where Gandhiji started local movements.
Answer. Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.

Question.8. Why did Rabindranath Tagore renounce his knighthood? 
Answer. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood to express the pain and anger of the country following the Jallianwala Bagh atrocities.

Question.9. Who were the leaders of the Khilafat agitation?
Answer. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Question.10. What does ‘Punjab wrongs’ refer to?
Answer. It refers to Jallianwalla Bagh massarcre that occurred on 13 April, 1919 in Amritsar on Baishakhi day.

Question.11 .Who was Chitta Ranjan Das?
Answer. He was a lawyer from East Bengal and was active in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question.12.What does RSS stand for?
Answer. RSS stands for Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Question. 13. Who was Bhagat Singh? What slogan did he raise?
Answer. Bhagat Singh was a revolutionary nationalist. His slogan was—Inquilab Zindabad.

Question.14. What does HSRA stand for?
Answer. HSRA stands for Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

Question.15.Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to break the Salt Law?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi decided to break the Salt Law because it established the monopoly of the state on the manufacture and sale of salt,

Question. 16. On what condition-were the Congress leaders ready to support the British war effort at the time of the Second World War?
Answer. The Congress leaders were ready to support the British war effort on condition that they would declare India’s independence after the war.

Question.17. Did the British accept their condition?
Answer. No, the British did not accept their condition.

Question.18. Who raised the slogan ‘do or die’?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi raised this slogan.

Question. 19. Why did the Muslim League announced 16 August 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’?
Answer. It announced 16 August, 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’ in support of its demand for Pakistan.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. What were the demands of the Congress in its early years?
Answer. In its early years the Congress was moderate in its objectives and methods. It made several demands; which are given below:
(a) The Congress demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.
(b) It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government. For this purpose it called for Civil Service examinations to be held in India as well, not just in London.
(c) The Congress demanded for the separation of the judiciary from the executive.
(d) The repeal of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression was also a major demand of the Congress.
(e) It also demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure and more funds for irrigation.

Question.2. What caused the partition of Bengal in 1905?
Or
Under what pretext, did the British divide Bengal?
Answer. At the time of partition Bengal was the biggest province of British India which comprised Bihar and parts of Orissa. The British argued for dividing Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. But it was a totally false argument. In fact, the partition of Bengal was closely tied to the interests of British officials and businessmen. The British also wanted to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and split the Bengali people. It was therefore, instead of removing the non-Bengali areas from the province, they separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam.

Question.3. What were the consequences of the partition of Bengal?
Answer.(a) The partition of Bengal enraged people all over the country. Both the Moderates and the Radicals in the Congress opposed this action of the British.
(b) Public meetings and demonstrations began to be organised. Novel methods of mass protest were also developed. They struggled against the partition of Bengal came to be known as Swadeshi Movement. In Bengal this movement was the strongest. In other regions .such as in deltaic Andhra the movement was called the Vandemataram Movements.

Question.4. What was the Khilafat agitation?
Answer. In the year 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan, known as Khalifa. It enraged people. Indian Muslims wanted that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to start a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement. They got support from Mahatma Gandhi who urged the Congress to campaign against “Punjab wrongs’, the Khilafat wrong and demand swaraj.

Question.5. How did people participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement during 1921-22?
Answer.(a) During these years, thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
(b) Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.
(c) British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted. .
(d) People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.

Question.6. Why was the Simon Commission sent to India? Why did Indians boycott it?
Answer. The British government in England sent a Commission headed by Lord Simon in the year 1927 to decide India’s political future. As the Commission had no Indian representative, it was boycotted by all political groups. When the Commission arrived it met with demonstrations with banners saying ‘Simon Go Back’.

Question.7. What role did Ambabai play in the Indian freedom struggle?
Answer. Ambabai came from Karnataka. She had been married at age twelve and was widowed at sixteen. Afterwards she began participating in the Indian freedom struggle. She picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops in Udipi. She was arrested, served a sentence and was rearrested. Between prison terms she made powerful speeches, taught spinning and organised prabhat pheris.

Question.8. Write a brief paragraph on Maulana Azad.
Answer. Maulana Azad was a great leader of the Indian freedom struggle. He was born in Mecca to a Bengali Father and an Arab Mother. He was well- versed in several languages. He was a scholar of Islam and an exponent of the notion of wahadat-i-deen, the essential oneness of all religions. He was an active participant in the movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. He was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. He never approved Jinnah’s two-nation theory. He wanted a country in which Hindus and Muslims lived in perfect harmony.

Question.9. Write a brief note on Khan Abdul Ghajfar Khan.
Answer. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the Pashtun leader from the North-West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Badshah Khan. He founded the Khudai Khidmatgars, which was a powerful non-violent movement among the Pattans of his province. He was a staunch supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity and was strongly opposed to the partition of India. He criticised his Congress colleagues for agreeing to the division of India in 1947.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. What was the Rowlatt Act? Give an account of the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Answer. The British passed the Rowlatt Act in the year 1919. The Act curbed fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. The Act was very repressive and therefore it enraged Indians. Prominent leaders of the freedom struggles such as Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, etc. felt that the government had no right to restrict the basic freedoms of people. They viewed the Act as devilish and tyrannical. Gandhiji decided to oppose this Act. He asked people of India to observe 6 April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to the Act, as a day of “humiliation and prayer’ and hartal. He organised Satyagraha Sabhas to launch the movement.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha spread far and wide. It became the first All- India struggle against the British government. In April 1919 several demonstrations and hartals took place in the country. But the government suppressed them taking brutal measures. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the climax of its brutality. This incident took place on 13 April in Amritsar on Baishakhi day. Thousands of people had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the occasion. General Dyre opened fire on them all of a sudden.
Both Hindu and Muslim unitedly criticised the British action.

Question.2. Describe Gandhi’s march to Dandi.
Answer. Gandhiji felt that Purna Swaraj would not come on its own. It had to be fought for. He was very much worried about government’s Salt Law. In 1930, he decided to break this
law. According to the law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other prominent leaders of the freedom struggle thought that it was sinful to tax salt because it is an essential item of our food. Both the rich and the poor needed it equally. Gandhiji felt that his Salt March would become popular and would represent the genral desire of freedom to a specific grievance shared by all. On 6 April, 1930, Gandhiji alongwith his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi. Here, they broke the government law by gathering natural salt found on the seashore, and boiling sea water to produce salt. ‘
A large number of people including women participated in this historic march. The government tried to crush the movement through brutal action against peaceful satyagrahis. Thousands were arrested and sent to jail. But the movement played a significant role in achieving freedom of India.

Question.3. Under what circumstances did Gandhiji initiate the Quit India Movement?
Answer. In September 1939, the Second World War broke out. The. British government in India needed help from the Indian leaders. The leaders were ready to support the British war effort. But in return they wanted that India be granted independence after the war. The British refused to accept the demand. This enraged the Congress ministries. They all resigned to show their protest.
Mahatma Gandhi was deeply perturbed. He now decided to initiate a new phase of movement against the British rule in the middle of the Second World War. This movement came to be known as the Quit India Movement. Gandhiji thought that the British must Quit India without further delay. He raised the slogan ‘do or die’ which spread among the common mass very soon. But at the same time he warned the people not to be violent in any condition.
The British took repressive measures. Gandhiji along with other leaders were sent to jail immediately. But this did not prevent the movement from spreading. It specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up their studies to join the movement. Communications and symbols of state authority were attacked all over the country. In several areas people set up their own governments.
The British tried to repress these developments severely. About 90,000 people were arrested and wound 1,000 killed in police firing. But the movement did not go in vain. It brought freedom very close.

SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

Question.1. Read the following extract (Source 2) taken from the NCERT textbook and answer the questions that follow:
In pursuit of gold
This is what a Moderate leader, Dinshaw Wacha, wrote to Naoroji in 1887:
Pherozeshah is nowadays too busy with his personal work … They are already rich enough … Mr. Telang too remains busy. I wonder how if all remain busy in the pursuit of gold can the progress of the country be advanced?
Questions:
(i) Who was Dinshaw Wacha?
(ii) Whom did he write to?
(iii) What did he write in the letter?
Answers:
(i) Dinshaw Wacha was a Moderate leader of the Congress.
(ii) He wrote to Naoroji.
(iii) He wrote in the letter that if people like Pherozeshah and Telang remained busy in making wealth, then how would the country achieve its independence?

PICTURE-BASED QUESTIONS

Question.1.Observe the pictures taken from NCERT textbook subsequently and answer the questions that follow:

Questions:
(i) Who is he?
(ii) Which book did he write?
(iii) What was the book about?
Answers:
(i) He is Dadabhai Naoroji.
(ii) He wrote a book named Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
(iii) The book offered a scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.

Question.2.

Questions:
(i) Identify the above personality.
(ii) Which state did he belong to?
(iii) Write two sentences about him.
Answers:
(i) Lala Lajpat Rai.
(ii) He belonged to Punjab.
(iii) He was one of the leading members of the Radical group. He criticised the moderates for their politics of petitions:

Question.3.

Questions:
(i) Describe the image given above.
(ii) Who is holding the tricolour?
Answers:
(i) In the above image Mahatma Gandhi has been shown as a divine being occupying a place within the pantheon of Indian gods. Here he is driving Krishna’s chariot, guiding other nationalist leaders in the battle against the British.
(ii) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru is holding the tricolour.

The Making of the National Movement 1870s-1947 NCERT Class 8 Social and Political life Extra Questions

Question 1Name some of the political associations that were formed in the 1870s and 1880s. What were their goals?
Solution
Political associations formed in the 1870s and 1880s mostly by Indian lawyers educated in Britain. Some of these Associations were, the Indian National Congress, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha and the Bombay Presidency Association.
These associations functioned in different parts of the country, with a common goal for all the people of India. The common goal was an independent India, empowered to take decisions regarding its own governance.
Question 2
What was the Ilbert Bill?
Solution
The Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 for British India by Lord Ripon. The Bill gave Indian judges and magistrates the power to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level. The introduction of the bill led to intense opposition in Britain and from British settlers in India. The Bill played on racial tensions. White opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill. This enraged the Indians. The bitter controversy deepened antagonism between the British and Indians and was a prelude to the formation of the Indian National Congress the following year. The event highlighted the racial attitudes of the British in India. The need for an all-India organisation of educated Indians seemed necessary after the Ilbert Bill controversy
Question 3
What brought the moderates and radicals together?
Solution
In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal which was the biggest province of British India and included Bihar and parts of Orissa. The government separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam.
The British stated that Bengal was divided for administrative convenience; where as the real reason was to restrict the influence of Bengali politicians and to split the Bengali people.
It was this division of Bengal that brought the moderates and radicals together. All the leaders opposed the division. Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest developed.
Question 4
Describe the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Solution
In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others strongly opposed this Act.
April 6^th 1919, was observed as a day opposing the Act. It was a non-violent opposition.
Satyagraha Sabhas were set up all over India against the Rowlatt Act. It was the first all-India struggle against the British government.
Question 5
What did the Khilafat movement support?
Solution
The Khilafat movement was a political campaign launched mainly by Muslims in South Asia to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
In 1920 the movement gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres, which solidified the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to initiate a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhiji supported the movement.
Question 6
What made Gandhiji call off the non-cooperation movement?
Solution
As the Non-Cooperation Movement turned violent in some places Gandhiji called off the movement. The main incidence that made Gandhiji call off the movement was Chauri Chaura incidence. Here the peasants set fire to a police station and 22 policemen died. The setting of the police station was in retaliation to the police firing at a peaceful demonstration by the peasants.